Metaphysical poets were
a group of 17th-century British poets known for their highly intellectual,
complex, and imaginative poetry. It is John Dryden who is credited with first
using the term "metaphysical" in relation to these poets. In 1693, in
his "Discourse
Concerning the Original and Progress of Satire," Dryden criticized John Donne, saying he
"affects the metaphysics". Later it
was Samuel Johnson who truly popularized and defined the term
"Metaphysical Poets" in its current understanding. In his book
"Lives of the Most Eminent English Poets" (1779-81) while
discussing Abram Cowley he stated, “The metaphysical poets were men of
learning, and to show their learning was their whole endeavor;….”
"The metaphysical
poets, led by John Donne, were known for their use of:
- Metaphysical conceits:
Extended metaphors that compare two very different concepts in an unusual
way, often using strange or far-fetched imagery. For example, in
"A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning", Donne compares two lovers
to the points of a compass.
- Colloquial diction:
A more conversational style of language compared to the lofty, formal
poetry of the time, allowing them to explore emotional and challenging
concepts directly.
- Philosophical exploration:
Examining questions about the nature of God, religion, and reality in a
philosophical way, often with wit and paradox. Metaphysical poetry
blends emotion and intellectual ingenuity.
Other defining
characteristics include:
- Frequent use of paradoxes, puns,
and wordplay to shock the reader
- Themes related to religion,
morality, love, and the human experience
- Dramatic directness of language and
speech-derived rhythms
Major
Metaphysical Poets:
- John Donne (1572-1631):
Considered the founder of the metaphysical movement. Known for both love
poetry and religious verses.
- George Herbert (1593-1633):
Primarily a religious poet, known for his intricate use of language and
form.
- Andrew Marvell (1621-1678): His
works blend political commentary with metaphysical themes.
- Henry Vaughan (1621-1695):
Known for his religious poetry and nature mysticism.
- Richard Crashaw (1613-1649):
Notable for his sensuous, almost baroque style of religious poetry.
- Thomas Traherne (1636-1674):
His works focus on innocence, wonder, and divine love.
Influence
and Legacy:
The
Metaphysical Poets fell out of favor in the 18th and early 19th centuries but
were rediscovered in the 20th century. T.S. Eliot's essay "The
Metaphysical Poets" (1921) played a crucial role in reviving interest in
these poets. Their influence can be seen in the works of modern poets like
Eliot himself, W.H. Auden, and Dylan Thomas.
